Tag: CIC

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Despite the overall increase in the formalisation of the economy in the past five-six years, the key component of an informal economy — cash in circulation (CIC) as a percentage of GDP — has continued to rise year after year, barring in the year of note ban in 2016 when it fell to 8.7 per cent, according to a report. According to the report by SBI Research, almost 80 per cent of the economy has been formalised in the past five years with every aspect of the non-cash component of the economy including agri credit, gaining traction.

In a detailed report on Monday, SBI Research said that after dipping to 8.7 per cent of GDP in 2016 (after the note-ban), cash in circulation (CIC) as a percentage of GDP has climbed again to 13.1 per cent so far this fiscal. It is only marginally down from the peak of 14.5 per cent in FY21, which could be because of the pandemic-driven sense of insecurity and uncertainties.

During FY08-FY10, when the economy was on a scorching growth rate, sniffing at almost double-digits growth, the CIC trended at 12.1, 12.5 and 12.4 per cent, respectively. The same trend continued with minor variations in the next five years also peaking at 12.4 per cent in FY11 and falling to 11.4 per cent in FY15, according to the SBI report pencilled by Soumya Kanti Ghosh, its group chief economic adviser.

Ghosh attributes the high 14.5 per cent CIC in FY21 to the collapse of the economy due to the pandemic, wherein the GDP reported the worst contraction of 7.3 per cent.

If the circumstances were normal, nominal GDP growth in FY21 and FY22 would have been much higher and as a result, CIC would also have followed the trend as witnessed pre-note ban.

According to him, without the pandemic-induced GDP collapse, the CIC-GDP ratio would have been at 12.7 per cent as against 12.4 per cent in FY11 as because of the pandemic, people might have held as much as Rs 3.3 lakh crore in cash as a precaution.

Coming to digital transactions, 3.5 billion transactions worth Rs 6.3 lakh crore were recorded through UPI in October 2021, which is 100 per cent more than the same period last month and in terms of transaction value, it is 103 per cent more than October 2020.

Data also show that UPI transactions have jumped 69 times since 2017, while debit card transactions have stagnated indicating people preference and shift to UPI.

UPI transactions have jumped 69 times in the past four years — from Rs 1,700 crore in 2017 to Rs 15,100 crore in 2018 to Rs 29,900 crore in 2019, to Rs 57,100 crore in 2020 to Rs 1,17,100 crore so far in 2021.

Similarly, credit card spends rose manifold between 2012, when it was only Rs 1,500 crore, and 2018 when it touched Rs 10,100 crore. It then steadily added 30 per cent more in two years to cross Rs 13,000 crore and peaked at Rs 13,500 crore in 2020, according to the report.

It added that the credit card spends are on course to set a record this year as already YTD (year-to-date), it has reached Rs 13,300 crore, according to the report.

Again, debit card spends also continued to gain traction with 2012 seeing Rs 12,100 crore of transactions, which climbed to Rs 38,800 crore in 2016 but declined steeply in 2017 to Rs 15,600 crore. It more that doubled the next year to Rs 32,700 crore and peaked at Rs 56,300 crore in 2019 and again steeply fell to Rs 13,800 crore in 2020 and continued to head southwards in 2021 at Rs 9,700 crore, the report said.

Ghosh also noted that tax as percentage of GDP has also jumped since FY16 but declined after FY19, reflecting the changes in the Budget of 2019. The tax-GDP ratio has jumped in the pandemic year again reflecting formalisation efforts.

The tax-GDP ratio jumped from 10.5 per cent in FY16 to 11 per cent in FY19 but retreated since then, as the exemption limit was raised to Rs 5 lakh in the Budget FY20.

On the macrofront, the economy formalised much larger: The share of the informal sector GVA to total GVA for FY18 stood at 52.4 per cent. Employing this methodology (except for agricultrue and allied activities), the informal economy is possibly only around 15-20 per cent of the formal GDP, according to the report.

Even agriculture formalised if the numbers of Kisan Credit Cards (KCCs) are any indication. In the past three-four years, the per-card outstanding has increased from Rs 96,578 in FY18 to Rs 1,67,416 in FY22, an increase of Rs 70,838, that translates into agri credit formalisation at Rs 4.6 lakh crore and there are 6.5 crore KCCs.

According to the GST portal, between August 2018 and March 2021, the number of new MSMEs (micro, small and medium enterprises) incorporated stood at 499.4 lakh and came under GST.



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Failure of any large NBFC may translate into a risk to its lenders: RBI Dy Governor M Rajeshwar Rao

Banking & Finance

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The reputation of the non-banking financial sector has been dented in recent times by failure of certain entities due to idiosyncratic factors, said Reserve Bank of India Deputy Governor M Rajeshwar Rao.

The challenge, therefore, is to restore trust in the sector by ensuring that few entities or activities do not generate vulnerabilities which go undetected and create shocks and give rise to systemic risk through their interlinkages with the financial system.

“Forestalling and where necessary, decisively resolving such episodes becomes a key focus of our regulatory and supervisory efforts,”Rao said at the CII NBFC Summit.

There are 9651 NBFCs across twelve different categories focussed on a diverse set of products, customer segments, and geographies.

As on March 31, 2021, the non-banking finance company (NBFC) sector (including housing finance companies/ HFCs) had assets worth more than ₹54 lakh crore, equivalent to about 25 per cent of the asset size of the banking sector.

“Therefore, there can be no doubt regarding its significance and role within the financial system in meeting the credit needs of a large segment of the society,” Rao said.

Over the last five years the NBFC sector assets have grown at cumulative average growth rate of 17.91 per cent.

The Deputy Governor underscored that: “Now, the non-banking sector has grown significantly and several NBFCs match the size of the largest Urban Cooperative Bank or the largest Regional Rural bank.

“In fact, few of them are as big as some of the new generation private sector banks. Further, they have become more and more interconnected with the financial system.”

He said NBFCs are the largest net borrowers of funds from the financial system and banks provide a substantial part of the funding to NBFCs and HFCs.

Therefore, failure of any large NBFC or HFC may translate into a risk to its lenders with the potential to create a contagion.

Failure of any large and deeply interconnected NBFC can also cause disruption to the operations of the small and mid-sized NBFCs through domino effect by limiting their ability to raise funds.

Rao emphasised that liquidity stress in the sector triggered by failure of a large CIC (core investment company) broke the myth that NBFCs do not pose any systemic risk to the financial system.

SBR framework

The Deputy Governor said a scale-based regulatory (SBR) framework, proportionate to the systemic significance of NBFCs, may be optimal approach where the level of regulation and supervision will be a function of the size, activity, and riskiness of NBFCs.

As regulations would be proportional to the scale of NBFCs, it would not impose undue costs on the Regulated Entities (REs).

Rao explained that: “While certain arbitrages that could potentially have adverse impact would be minimised, the fundamental premise of allowing operational flexibility to NBFCs in conducting their business would not be diluted.

“…There has been a consistent and conscious understanding that a “one size fits all” approach is not suitable for NBFC sector, which are a diverse set of financial intermediaries, with different business models, serve heterogenous group of customers and are exposed to different risks.”

The Deputy Governor urged NBFC promoters/ managements to create a culture of responsible governance in their respective organisations where every employee feels responsible towards the customer, organisation, and society.

He felt that good governance is key to long term resilience, efficiency and survival of the entities.

Customer protection

Rao underscored that protecting customers against unfair, deceptive, or fraudulent practices has to become top priority of every entity and permeate the organisation culturally and become a part of its ethos.

“Customer service would mean, amongst many other things, that a customer has similar pre-sale and post-sale experience, she/he is not disadvantaged vis-à-vis another customer because he or she approached the financial entity through a different delivery channel, and he or she has a right to hassle-free exit from the contractual obligation.

“This issue has been deliberated often enough and it’s time to act now,” the Deputy Governor said.

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