BIS, BFSI News, ET BFSI

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Central bank digital currencies can offer “finality, liquidity and integrity”, and could provide strong data governance as well as privacy standards based on digital identities, the Bank for International Settlements (BIS) said on Wednesday. The backing for such currencies by the Switzerland-headquartered BIS, which is also known as the central bank of all central banks, also comes at a time when there are ongoing intense discussions in India and many other countries on crypto currencies.

Noting that central banks stand at the centre of a rapid transformation of the financial sector and the payment system, BIS said Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDCs) represent a unique opportunity to design a technologically advanced representation of central bank money, one that offers the unique features of finality, liquidity and integrity.

“Innovations such as crypto currencies, stable coins and the walled garden ecosystems of big techs all tend to work against the public good element that underpins the payment system.

“The DNA (Data-Network-Activities) loop, which should encourage a virtuous circle of greater access, lower costs and better services, is also capable of fomenting a vicious circle of entrenched market power and data concentration. The eventual outcome will depend not only on technology but on the underlying market structure and data governance framework,” BIS said.

On Wednesday, BIS released a chapter titled ‘CBDCs: an opportunity for the monetary system’ that is part of its Annual Economic Report 2021.

To realise the full potential of CBDCs for more efficient cross-border payments, BIS said international collaboration will be paramount.

“Cooperation on CBDC designs will also open up new ways for central banks to counter foreign currency substitution and strengthen monetary sovereignty,” it

A few countries, including China, are working on CBDCs.

An analysis BIS found that CBDCs would best function as part of a two-tier system where the central bank and the private sector work together to do what each does well.

From a practical perspective, the BIS said the most promising CBDC design would be one tied to a digital identity, requiring users to identify themselves to access funds. A careful design would balance protecting users against the abuse of personal data with protecting the payment system against money laundering and financial crime, it added.



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Chinese banks promise to step up cryptocurrency ban, BFSI News, ET BFSI

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BEIJING: China‘s biggest banks promised Monday to refuse to help customers trade Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies after the central bank said executives were told to step up enforcement of a government ban.

Regulators appear to worry that despite the 2013 ban on Chinese banks and other institutions handling cryptocurrencies, the state-run financial system might be indirectly exposed to risks. Beijing also worries users might evade efforts to monitor and control the financial system.

The four major state-owned commercial banks and payment service Alipay promised to step up monitoring of customers and block use of their accounts to buy or trade crypto-currencies.

“Customers are asked to be more aware of risks, safeguard bank accounts and not to use virtual currency-related transactions,” China Construction Bank Ltd. said on its website.

Similar promises were issued by Industrial and Commercial Bank of China Ltd., Bank of China Ltd., Agricultural Bank of China Ltd., Postal Savings Bank of China Ltd. and Alipay, operated by Ant Group.

Promoters of cryptocurrencies say they allow anonymity and flexibility, but Chinese regulators warn that might aid money-laundering or other crimes.

Bank executives were summoned to a meeting at which they were questioned about their activities and told to “maintain financial stability and security,” the central bank said in a statement.

It said cryptocurrency trading “disrupts normal economic and financial order” and can facilitate money laundering and other crime.

Regulators tightened prohibitions against handling cryptocurrencies in 2017 and publicly reminded banks about their potential risks in May, possibly reflecting concern cryptocurrency mining and trading was continuing.

Regulators in several Chinese regions have ordered cryptocurrency mining operations to shut down.

The Chinese central bank is developing an electronic version of the country’s yuan that could be tracked and controlled by Beijing.



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Surplus transfer: RBI can be characterised as ‘free-ranging’ goose, says article

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The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) can be characterised as a ‘free-ranging’ goose from the point of the surplus transfer alone, according to an article in the central bank’s latest monthly bulletin.

Referring to the findings of a comprehensive research on central banking in developing countries (Fry, Goodhart and Almeida, 1996), the article said: “In flow terms, we can think of the central bank as the government’s golden goose.

“With an unimpaired balance sheet, the free-range goose conducting conservative monetary policy with a fair degree of independence, produces golden eggs in the form of seigniorage worth 0.5 to 1 per cent of GDP.”

Seigniorage is the profit accruing to the issuer of legal tender, mainly as a result of the difference between the material costs of producing currency and its face value.

The observations in the article ‘State of the Economy’, put together by RBI officials, including Deputy Governor MD Patra, came in the context of the surplus transferred to the government raising considerable heat and dust in the media.

The Reserve Bank of India’s Central Board, on May 22 approved the transfer of ₹99,122 crore as surplus to the Centre for the accounting period of nine months ended March 31, 2021 (July 2020-March 2021). This was 73.50 per cent higher vis-a-vis the ₹57,128 crore transfer approved in the accounting year 2019-20.

The surplus, mainly stemming from saving on balance sheet provisions and employees’ superannuation and other funds, constitutes just 0.44 per cent of GDP (which is taken as a measure of seigniorage), the article said.

In 2020, the transfer of surplus from RBI to the Government was 0.29 per cent of GDP.

Further referring to research by Fry, Goodhart and Almeida, the article said the “battery farm goose”, bred specially for intensive egg-laying, can produce golden eggs in the form of inflation tax yielding 5 to 10 per cent of GDP.

“The ‘force-fed goose’ can produce revenue of up to 25 per cent of GDP for a limited period before its inevitable demise and collapse of the economy.

“All three forms of central bank geese have been sighted in recent years,” the article said.

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Centre may front load capital provisioning for PSBs this year, BFSI News, ET BFSI

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New Delhi, As the Central government draws a plan to privatise at least two public sector banks (PSB) this fiscal, it has also decided to front load capitalisation of state-owned banks so that the balance sheets of some of these entities are strengthened ahead of possible sale.

Sources said that PSBs may be provided this year just after their first quarter results before October. This would be a departure from the practice of previous year when bank capitalisation was undertaken late in the year and towards the end of fiscal.

Even in FY21, a substantial portion of capital was released right at end of the fiscal year in March.

“Front loading of capital will help PSBs to strengthen their financials that may again get impacted this year with weak lending and stress coming back on a lot of their credit assets with Covid pandemic continuing to disrupt businesses. This could also help in taking out weak banks out of the PCA (prompt corrective action) framework that would be helpful in their possible privatisation this year,” said an official source on the condition of anonymity.

The Budget 2021-22 has allocated Rs 20,000 crore towards recapitalisation of PSBs to help them consolidate their financial capacity.

Source said that more than two-third of this capital may be provided by the second quarter.

The government had earlier indicated that banks under prompt corrective action (PCA) framework or weaker banks would be kept out of privatisation as it would be difficult to find buyers for them. This would have left three PSBs, Indian Overseas Bank, Central Bank and UCO Bank, out of the government’s disinvestment plan.

But now the thinking is that they could be brought out of PCA as there are visible signs of improvement in some of the key parameters such as profitability and asset quality (in net NPA terms as they have stepped up provisioning) in the last 3-4 quarters. This could allow them to be considered for privatisation.

Provision of capital earlier in the year will give the necessary boost to them.

Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman had announced in her Budget speech this year that two state-run banks along with IDBI Bank would be privatised in FY22.

She also said that one general insurance company would be sold off in the current fiscal.

The recapitalisation roadmap is being redrawn for the PSBs in the current fiscal as the institutions are expected to face stress from the pandemic disruptions with fears that asset quality may further weaken like last year.

Also, the changes in valuation norms AT1 bonds has made the instrument less attractive for banks to raise their capital.

SEBI, though has amended the valuation rule of perpetual bonds in line with objections raised by the finance ministry, it still has said that from April 2023 onwards, the residual maturity of AT-1 bonds will become 100 years from the date of issuance of the bond. This will make the most used route of raising capital by banks less attractive.

Sources said that the Finance Ministry has already started a preliminary exercise to determine the capital requirement of banks in wake of limitations on fund raising norms and expected rise in bad assets during the time of the pandemic. Based on the inputs received by banks, additional capital may be provided to them from budgetary resources at the earliest.

On its part, government is strengthening the banking segment by merger and amalgamation of PSBs.

Since 2017, this exercise has resulted in seven large and five smaller PSBs.

The measures (based on bad loans and regional factors) were intended to help manage capital more efficiently. But emerging regulatory needs and pandemic affected businesses continue to pose challenges for banking segment.



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Central Bank posts ₹1,349-crore loss in Q4

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Central Bank of India slipped into the red, reporting a loss of ₹1,349 crore in the quarter-ended March 31, 2021 against a net profit of ₹165 crore in the preceding quarter (Q3FY21).

The bank’s net loss in the reporting quarter, however, was lower that the year ago period’s net loss of ₹1,529 crore.

NII, NPAs fall

Net interest income (difference between interest earned and interest expended) was down 21 per cent year-on-year (yoy) at ₹1,516 crore (₹1,926 crore in the year ago quarter).

Other income, including income from non-fund based activities, was up about 13 per cent yoy at ₹902 crore (₹795 crore).

Gross NPAs declined to 16.55 per cent of gross advances as at March-end 2021 against 18.92 per cent as at March-end 2020.

NPA provisions jumped about 100 per cent yoy to ₹3,259 crore.

Net NPAs position improved to 5.77 per cent of net advances as at March-end 2021 against 7.63 per cent as at March-end 2020.

Total deposits increased by 5.17 per cent yoy to stand at ₹3,29,973 crore as at March-end 2021. Total advances increased 2.71 per cent yoy to ₹1,76,913 crore.

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No change in RBI’s view on cryptocurrencies, we have major concerns, BFSI News, ET BFSI

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MUMBAI: The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) governor Shaktikanta Das on Friday made it clear that the central bank‘s view on cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin remains unchanged and it continues to have “major concerns” on the volatile instruments.

“There is no change in RBI’s position (on cryptocurrencies). Our circular clarifies the position very well,” Das told reporters in the customary post-policy press conference, when asked if there has been a change in its view.

The RBI had first come out with a circular on the issue in 2018, cautioning people about investing in cryptocurrencies, which do not have any sovereign character.

It had barred entities regulated by it from dealing in such instruments. However, the Supreme Court in early 2020 struck down the circular.

Das said a revised notification to financial institutions on Monday was necessitated because some banks were still referring to the old circular set aside by the apex court and this was an attempt to set the record straight.

The RBI had on Monday asked banks, NBFCs and payment system providers not to refer to its earlier 2018 circular in their communications to customers.

“With regard to RBI’s position (on cryptocurrencies), I had said earlier, we have major concerns around cryptocurrency which we have conveyed to the government,” Das said.

Following Monday’s circular, some stakeholders in the cryptocurrencies trade had welcomed it more as a vindication.

Some of the cryptocurrencies have seen massive dip in their per unit trading prices lately, leading to erosion of investor wealth. Some investors have been looking at cryptocurrencies as an attractive investment class.

Das on Friday said the central bank is not into investment advice, but added that one should make his own appraisal and do his own due diligence before taking such a call.



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Investors cheer after RBI clarifies crypto trading isn’t banned

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The Reserve Bank of India’s clarification that cryptocurrency trading isn’t banned in the country is a welcome relief for a community facing push-back from traditional lenders needed to help settle these deals.

The regulator late on Monday told banks not to cite a 2018 central bank circular as a reason to hinder crypto trades, given the Supreme Court has since squashed the order. “Banks must continue with other routine due diligence measures on the deals,” the RBI said.

Also read: A glimmer of hope for cryptos in India

The RBI order follows local media reports that financial firms, including SBI Cards & Payment Services Ltd., one of India’s biggest credit card issuers, and the nation’s largest private-sector bank HDFC Bank Ltd. had cautioned customers against dealing in virtual currencies. Indian authorities have repeatedly expressed concern that crypto assets could be used for criminal activity such as money laundering and funding terrorism.

“Investing in crypto has always been 100 per cent legal in India and the new RBI circular clearly confirms the right to do business with crypto firms,” said Avinash Shekhar, co-Chief Executive Officer at ZebPay, India’s oldest crypto exchange. He added that the clarification will attract more investors to the virtual currencies.

Also read: What’s next in the world of cryptos and blockchain?

“The RBI’s broader concerns and banks’ worries around money laundering should help to spur regulations and make the industry safer and stronger,” said Sumit Gupta, CEO and co-founder of crypto exchange CoinDCX.

Bitcoin, the largest cryptocurrency, was little changed as of 12:15 pm in Hong Kong on Tuesday, after having gained in the two previous sessions.

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RBI raises heat on foreign banks over data storage norms violations, BFSI News, ET BFSI

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After social media firms, it’s time for foreign banks to strictly comply with rules in India.

The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has pulled up several multinational banks operating in the country for not providing a board-approved system reporting certifying compliance with its data-localisation norms.

Last month, the central bank had barred American Express Bank and Diners Club from on-boarding new customers citing violation of data storage norms.

In a recent communication, the RBI said that a majority of banks are yet to submit system audit reports certifying compliance to storage norms even after three years since the issuance of the circular.

Many banks have said that the audit norms did not apply to them and this was not acceptable. The central bank had asked banks to submit their compliance along with a plan of action on or before May 15, 2021.

The RBI norms

According to the RBI’s norms, data on payments has to be stored in systems located “only in India” and data processed abroad has to be brought back to the country within 24 hours.

The central bank said Payment System Operators (PSO) can process transactions outside India, but “the data should be deleted from the systems abroad and brought back to India not later than the one business day or 24 hours from payment processing, whichever is earlier”.

“The complete end-to-end transaction details should be part of the data,” the RBI had said.

What foreign banks say?

Several foreign banks have been unable to issue an audit report stating that all personal and non-personal transaction data which has been sent overseas for processing has been permanently deleted.

Many banks had responded to the RBI’s directive and said that much of their processing was centralised and it was not feasible to restructure global operations and create a separate hub in India. The RBI then clarified that while data can be stored only locally, it can be sent intraday for processing but should be deleted from offshore servers in 24 hours.

Banks are required to provide a system audit report certifying compliance with the RBI rules. The audit has to be conducted by auditors empanelled by the Indian Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT-In, in the ministry of electronics.)

American Express, Diners Club

In April, the RBI has restricted American Express Banking Corp and Diners Club International from on-boarding new domestic customers onto their card networks from May 1 for violating data storage norms.

American Express Banking Corp and Diners Club International Ltd are Payment System Operators authorised to operate card networks in the country under the Payment and Settlement Systems Act, 2007 (PSS Act).

The RBI has imposed the restrictions on American Express Banking Corp and Diners Club International by an order dated April 23, 2021.

“These entities have been found non-compliant with the directions on Storage of Payment System Data,” the RBI said.

The supervisory action, it added, has been taken in the exercise of powers vested in RBI under the PSS Act.



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How to choose riders in a guaranteed insurance plan

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With increased awareness about insurance products and prevailing low bank deposits rates, many insurers have launched assured return products to catch the attention of investors. These types of plans offer guaranteed regular income i.e. a pre-defined percentage of sum assured (SA) is paid out as per a schedule.

In addition to offering life cover (up to policy term) and savings, such policies offer multiple riders i.e. additional benefits to the policyholder for an extra cost, to enhance the benefits of the policyholders. While all the riders at first glance appear to benefit you, it is important you choose the ones that fit your requirements.

Options galore

Almost all guaranteed return insurance policies, including those of Bajaj Allianz Life, Aditya Birla Sun Life, HDFC Life and Future Generali Life, come with rider options. Life insurance riders are contingent additional benefits over a primary/base policy. They come into play in case of a specific eventuality. Riders offer financial cover (rider SA) over and above basic sum assured in the life insurance policy.

Some of the common riders include accidental death benefit, where the policy (rider as well as base policy) pays rider/maturity benefit to the nominee. There is accidental permanent total/partial disability benefit where policyholder receives a lump sum payment (from the rider policy) in case of any specified disability.

Some insurers offer critical illness benefit rider where if the policyholder is diagnosed with any of the listed critical illnesses, the rider policy will pay the benefit and terminate. Even with the occurrence of the said event, the life cover remains intact which means you remain eligible for the death benefit on the life insurance plan.

In case of a waiver of premium rider, all future premiums for the term cover are waived if the policyholder is unable to pay because of permanent disability due to an accident or on being diagnosed with a critical/terminal illness.

A few insurers offer other riders as well. For instance, Bajaj Allianz Life offers family income benefit rider where 1 per cent of SA is paid monthly to the nominee/policyholder upon death or permanent disability or the first occurrence of one of the listed critical illnesses. Similarly, Aditya Birla Sun Life insurance offers, among other riders, surgical care benefit and hospital care benefit riders as well.

Factors to keep in mind

Do note the savings plans offered by life insurers generally cost more than a pure protection plan. Also, you may have to shell out more in terms of premium if you opt for riders. Consider Bajaj Allianz’s Flexi Income Goal plan which provides guaranteed income. For a 30-year old opting for an SA of ₹5.04 lakh and a guaranteed monthly income of ₹3,500 over a policy term of 17 years (premium payment term is 5 years), the total outgo works out to ₹1,23,892 (excluding tax). Now if a rider is added to this, say, a critical illness benefit rider, then the total premium cost works to ₹1,25,585 (excluding tax and discounts).

Before signing up for any rider, keep in mind two crucial things.

First, check whether the rider you want is available with that particular policy. For instance, in case of Future Generali Lifetime Partner Plan, there are no riders available but its Triple Plan Advantage plan comes with accidental benefit rider. Similarly, HDFC Life’s Sanchay Par Advantage offers two riders accidental disability rider and critical illness plus rider.

Second, assess whether you really need rider(s) with a savings product. According to Bikash Choudhary, Appointed Actuary & Chief Risk Officer, Future Generali India Life, “While all the riders play an important role in enhancing protection for the policyholders, the selection of riders depends on the need of the individual in terms of finance, lifestyle etc. For example, waiver of premium rider comes in handy in case of an insurance plan bought for a child. If the parents are not around, the rider helps in continuation of the policy until maturity to get full benefits, thereby protecting the child’s future financially.”

It is generally recommended to keep insurance and savings separate, instead of combining the two. This is because you may neither get sufficient life cover nor good returns from the product when you mix them. But certain investors such as high networth individuals, who have very low risk appetite, can consider such products. While these products do offer multiple riders or options, it may not make sense to sign for all of the riders available. So, make an intelligent choice to save on premium.

Check whether the rider is available with particular policy

Find out if you really need rider with a savings product

Savings plans cost more than term plans

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RBI imposes monetary penalty of ₹10 crore on HDFC Bank

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The Reserve Bank of India has imposed a monetary penalty of ₹10 crore on private sector lender HDFC Bank. This came after the RBI found irregularities based on a whistleblower complaint in the bank’s auto loan portfolio.

“This action is based on deficiencies in regulatory compliance and is not intended to pronounce upon the validity of any transaction or agreement entered into by the bank with its customers,” the RBI said in a statement on Friday.

The penalty is imposed for contravention of provisions of section 6(2) and section 8 of the Banking Regulation Act, 1949 (the Act), it further said.

An examination of documents in the matter of marketing and sale of third-party non-financial products to the bank’s customers, arising from a whistle blower complaint to RBI regarding irregularities in the auto loan portfolio of the bank, revealed, contravention of the provisions of the Act and the regulatory directions.

Also read: HDFC Bank commits ₹100 cr under Parivarthan for fighting the pandemic

“In furtherance to the same, a notice was issued to the bank advising it to show cause as to why penalty should not be imposed for contravention of the provisions of the Act and directions,” the RBI further said said.

After considering the bank’s reply to the show cause notice, oral submissions made during the personal hearing and examination of further clarifications and documents furnished by the bank, RBI came to the conclusion that the aforesaid charge of contravention of provisions of the Act was substantiated and warranted imposition of monetary penalty, it further said.

HDFC Bank had last year conducted an internal investigation into allegations that customers of its car loans were being given GPS devices without their knowledge. The allegations had initially come up on social media.

The lender’s former Managing Director and CEO Aditya Puri at the annual general meeting on July 18 last year had confirmed that the bank conducted an inquiry into vehicle loans and appropriate action has been taken against employees involved in the misconduct. The incident had also led to the exit of a number of executives from the bank.

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